Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41680586›Full record

ArticleJournal of computer-aided molecular design2026

Xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of flavonoids from Pistacia integerrima: insights from molecular docking, MD simulations, SwissADME ADMET analysis and StopTox toxicity profile evaluation.

Abdur Rauf, Muhammad Umer Khan, Maha Munir, Chaudhry Ahmed Shabbir, Umer Rashid, Walaa F Alsanie, Abdulhakeem S Alamri, Amal F Alshammary, Humira Naz, Rekha Thiruvengadam and 2 more

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Article in Journal of computer-aided molecular design, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Abdur RaufDepartment of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. mashaljcs@yahoo.com.
Muhammad Umer KhanInstitute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Maha MunirUniversity of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
Chaudhry Ahmed ShabbirFaculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
Umer RashidDepartment of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
Walaa F AlsanieDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulhakeem S AlamriDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Amal F AlshammaryDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Humira NazDepartment of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan.
Rekha ThiruvengadamMicrobiology and Nanoscience Lab-Helix Research Studio, Department of Neonatology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India.
Rekha ArcotDr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, India.
Muthu ThiruvengadamDepartment of Crop Science, College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea. muthu@konkuk.ac.kr.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive secondary metabolites that are responsible for the development of new drugs. The main aim of this study was to explore Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stewart ex Brandis phytochemically and biologically explore P. integerrima. The defatted methanolic extract of P. integerrima galls was subjected to column chromatography, which yielded six flavonoids including 3,5,7,4/-tetrahydroxy-flavanone (1), naringenin (2), 3,5,4/-trihydroxy,7-methoxy-flavanone (3), sakuranetin (4), spinacetin (5), and patuletin (6). The defatted extract and the isolated compound (1-6) were assessed for in- vitro xanthine oxidase (XO). The samples to be tested were applied at a concentration of 0.5 mM and demonstrated a variable degree of XO inhibitory potential. The maximum inhibitory effect was observed for compound 6 (93.09%), followed by compounds 5 (89.02%) and 3 (87.92%). Six flavonoids from P. integerrima galls showed favorable drug-likeness, good gastrointestinal (GI) absorption (except for compound 6), and safe oral toxicity profiles. Docking and in vitro assays identified compounds 3, 5, and 6 as potent XO inhibitors that outperformed allopurinol. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis revealed that compound 3 was stable but less reactive, whereas compounds 5 and 6 were more reactive, with strong electrophilic properties. Furthermore, MD simulations confirmed the stable binding of these three compounds within the XO active site, with compound 6 demonstrating the highest interactions and structural stability. In conclusion, P. integerrima flavonoids, particularly compound 6, are significant XO inhibitors that may be used to treat hyperuricemia and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).

Indexed as

Enzyme InhibitorsFlavonoidsPistaciaPlant ExtractsXanthine OxidaseHumansMolecular Docking SimulationMolecular Dynamics SimulationEnzyme InhibitorsFlavonoidsPlant ExtractsXanthine OxidaseFlavonoidsGallsMolecular dockingMolecular dynamics simulationPistacia integerrimaXanthine oxidase

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.