Synthetic, Population-Based Virtual Patient Database Using a Digital Twin of the Cardiovascular System.

purposeThe goal is to develop a cardiovascular virtual patient database (VPD) combining physiological and demographic data to provide the foundation for future applications in medical diagnostics, decision-making, credibility testing, and formal uncertainty analysis, and to enable its integration with three-dimensional (3D) hemodynamic models and to train neural networks.

methodsWe generate an initial VPD by treating input parameters of a low-dimensional cardiovascular model as stochastic variables. Literature data and sensitivity analysis ensured physiological plausibility, while resampling improved physiological accuracy. Key physiological quantities are included such as systolic and diastolic aortic pressure, radial and carotid pressure, cardiac output, and diagnostic pulse wave velocities. Demographic factors (sex and age) are assigned based on their physiological impact. The open-source hemodynamic solver, first_blood, ensures accuracy and low computational time.

resultsThe initial VPD consists of 50,000 Virtual Patients; after resampling, 34,347 remain in the final VPD. The difference of diastolic and systolic aortic pressures between the VPD (

conclusionsThe proposed methodology and first_blood solver effectively generate physiologically realistic virtual patient waveforms and demographic variability, providing a robust database for 3D cardiovascular simulations, machine-learning training datasets, and potential clinical decision support applications.