ArticleEuropean spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society2026
Feasibility and accuracy of AI-assisted 3D MRI/CT fusion imaging for preoperative simulation of full-endoscopic transforaminal discectomy.
Article in European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeFull-endoscopic discectomy via the transforaminal approach (FED-TF) carries the risk of exiting nerve root (ENR) injury, and its feasibility at the lumbosacral level may be limited by anatomical constraints. Precise preoperative assessment is therefore essential. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy, safety, and clinical efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted three-dimensional (3D) MRI/CT fusion imaging for preoperative simulation of FED-TF in a retrospective case series.
methodsThis retrospective case series included 40 patients with L5/S1 intervertebral disc herniation who were judged feasible for FED-TF without superior articular process (SAP) resection based on preoperative simulations. A virtual endoscopic axis was established to avoid interference from the iliac crest, SAP, and ENR. The axial and sagittal angles of the virtual axis were measured and compared with the actual endoscopic insertion angles postoperatively. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) for leg and low back pain, and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores perioperatively.
resultsAll the procedures were completed without any complications. The mean axial angle was 59.9° (simulation) versus 58.4° (actual), with no significant difference (p = 0.236). The sagittal angle was 8.6° (simulation) versus 8.9° (actual), with no significant difference (p = 0.739). The VAS score for leg pain improved significantly from 7.0 preoperatively to 2.1 on day 1 and 1.5 at day 90. The VAS scores for low back pain significantly improved from 5.5 to 3.5 and 2.1, respectively. The JOA scores improved significantly from 13.9 preoperatively to 21.5 on day 1 and 25.7 on day 90 (all p < 0.05).
conclusionAI-assisted 3D MRI/CT fusion imaging demonstrated high accuracy in preoperative simulation and enabled safe and effective FED-TF in this case series. However, because CT and MRI were acquired separately and only cases not requiring SAP resection were included, further studies with larger cohorts and control groups are needed to validate and expand the applicability of this technique.
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