Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41680287›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Removal of selected pharmaceutical pollutants from groundwater using colloidal activated carbon.

Shahd Alghamdi, Bassam Tawabini, Abdullah Basaleh, Mohammed Benaafi, Shehzada Muhammad Sajid Jillani

Erratum issuedAbstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Shahd AlghamdiGeosciences Department, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
Bassam TawabiniGeosciences Department, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. bassamst@kfupm.edu.sa.
Abdullah BasalehGeosciences Department, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. abdullah.basaleh@kfupm.edu.sa.
Mohammed BenaafiGeosciences Department, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
Shehzada Muhammad Sajid JillaniInterdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Groundwater (GW) is a vital source of freshwater worldwide. However, the increasing occurrence of pharmaceutical contaminants originating from various anthropogenic activities, posing significant health risks. This study investigates the efficiency of using colloidal activated carbon (CAC) in- removing carbamazepine (CBZ), lamotrigine (LTG), and caffeine (CAF) under a simulated in-situ remediation of groundwater. The study conducted through a series of fixed-bed column experiments. Several characterization techniques, including SEM/EDX, BET surface area, particle size distribution, and zeta potential, were used to identify the physiochemical properties of the CAC. Water samples spiked with a mixture of the three pharmaceutical compounds were allowed to pass through a column filled with a mixture of a bed and CAC materials. Inflow and outflow concentrations of the pharmaceuticals were measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system. The effect of several parameters on the removal efficiency were investigated, including water flow rate, inlet concentration, CAC dosage, and bed type. SEM/EDX results revealed that CAC has a porous surface with 95.68% carbon and 4.32% potassium. The CAC has a surface area of 1112.24 m

Indexed as

CharcoalGroundwaterWater Pollutants, ChemicalWater PurificationAdsorptionCaffeineCarbamazepineColloidsLamotriginePharmaceutical PreparationsCaffeineCarbamazepineCharcoalColloidsLamotriginePharmaceutical PreparationsWater Pollutants, ChemicalAdsorptionBreakthrough curvesColloidal activated carbon (CAC)Fixed-bed columnGroundwaterPharmaceuticals

Identifiers

PMID41680287
PMCPMC12972302

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.