Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41678115›Full record

ArticlePhotochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology2026

Azure A as a promising candidate for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of acne-related bacteria.

Leandro S Herculano, Caroline T Marcon, Tânia C S P Pires, Cristiane Canan, Mônica L Fiorese, Luis C Malacarne, André L Tessaro, Joana S Amaral, Lillian B Barros

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Light-driven bacterial inactivation using Plumeria rubra extract: a promising natural photosensitizer.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Leandro S HerculanoDepartamento de Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Av. Brasil 4232, Medianeira, Paraná, 85722-332, Brazil. leandroh@utfpr.edu.br.
Caroline T MarconUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, R. Guaíra 3141, Toledo, Paraná, 85903-000, Brazil.
Tânia C S P PiresCentro de Investigação de Montanha, SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
Cristiane CananDepartamento de Alimentos, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Av. Brasil 4232, Medianeira, Paraná, 85722-332, Brazil.
Mônica L FioreseUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, R. Guaíra 3141, Toledo, Paraná, 85903-000, Brazil.
Luis C MalacarneDepartamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
André L TessaroDepartamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, R. Marcílio Dias 635, Apucarana, Paraná, 86812-460, Brazil.
Joana S AmaralCentro de Investigação de Montanha, SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
Lillian B BarrosCentro de Investigação de Montanha, SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDT) is an effective technique for treating acne vulgaris, due to its efficiency in inactivating multiresistant bacteria and the absence of systemic side effects. This study investigated the potential of the dye Azure A (AZA), belonging to the phenothiazine class, as a photosensitizer (PS) in aPDT to combat the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes, both associated with inflammatory acne vulgaris. The efficiency of AZA was compared to Orthotoluidine Blue (OTB), evaluating the absorbance spectra, singlet oxygen generation rate, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at different optical fluence values and concentrations. The results demonstrated that AZA and OTB have similar spectroscopic characteristics and single oxygen generation rates, and they could inactivate both bacteria at an MBC of 0.78 [Formula: see text] for the smallest tested optical fluence. These findings indicate that AZA is an excellent candidate for topical aPDT applications in treating acne vulgaris and other associated infections by such bacteria.

Indexed as

Acne VulgarisAnti-Bacterial AgentsPhotochemotherapyPhotosensitizing AgentsPropionibacteriaceaeStaphylococcus epidermidisHumansMicrobial Sensitivity TestsPhenothiazinesAnti-Bacterial AgentsPhenothiazinesPhotosensitizing AgentsAcne vulgarisCutibacterium acnesPhenothiazine dyesStaphylococcus epidermidis

Identifiers

PMID41678115

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.