ArticleBiology2026
Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals the Mechanisms of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Enhanced the Chilling and Freezing Tolerance in Wheat.
Article in Biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Low-temperature stress significantly limits wheat growth and productivity. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an environmentally friendly green molecular material that plays an important role in plant growth and regulation; however, its protective mechanisms against cold stress in wheat remain poorly understood. In this study, the effect of γ-PGA on both chilling (4 °C) and freezing (-18 °C) resistance in wheat seedlings and its underlying mechanisms were comparatively studied. The results showed that the γ-PGA-treated seedlings exhibited a 128.81% higher survival rate after freezing stress and maintained significantly greater biomass accumulation under both stress conditions (62.44% and 26.56% higher dry weight under chilling and freezing stress, respectively). A physiological analysis revealed that γ-PGA enhanced osmoprotectant (proline and soluble sugars) accumulation and activated key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and APX). Then, an RNA-seq analysis identified 11,401 and 7721 differentially expressed genes under chilling and freezing stress, respectively, with 3598 common genes constituting a core cold-response network. KEGG and GO analyses demonstrated significant enrichment in pathways related to carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, phenylpropanoid-flavonoid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and cell wall organization. Notably, γ-PGA strongly upregulated key genes in phenylpropanoid-flavonoid metabolism (
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