In Vitro Fish Cell Culture: From Primary Muscle Cells to Cell-Based Meat in Cyprinidae.

Fish offer an excellent source of high-quality protein with balanced nutrients and low fat content. However, the increasing global demand for food and the impacts of climate change have led to a significant decline in wild fish stocks. Cultivated fish meat has therefore emerged as a promising sustainable food alternative. In this review, we summarize the structural and physiological characteristics of fish muscle and highlight the methods used to establish primary muscle cell cultures, including explant outgrowth and enzymatic dissociation, alongside the optimization of environmental conditions and growth media composition. Particular attention is given to the isolation, development, and characterization of Cyprinidae muscle-derived cell lines via morphological assessments, gene expression profiling, and karyotyping. In addition, we discuss recent advances in scaffold-based and three-dimensional culture systems as well as the application of bioreactors for large-scale production. Current challenges include the limited availability of standardized muscle cell lines, dependence on serum-containing media, and the high cost of growth factors. Future progress will depend on innovations in serum-free formulations, cost-effective media, and reproducible culture protocols. Ultimately, fish muscle cell culture supports not only the development of alternative protein sources but also aquatic health research, disease modeling, and sustainable bioproduction.