ArticleEuropean journal of immunology2026
Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Sex-Specific Signatures for BCG Vaccine Efficacy.
Article in European journal of immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Sex-Specific Signatures for BCG Vaccine Efficacy.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Vaccines are a cornerstone of global public health, but their efficacy can vary significantly among individuals. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis is one of the most used vaccines, and its efficacy is influenced by numerous factors, including sex, age, and geographical location. Systematic investigations using large-scale multi-omics analyses to dissect sex-specific determinants of vaccine efficacy remain limited. To better understand this variability and improve vaccine efficacy, we analyzed multi-omics data from a cohort of 321 healthy individuals vaccinated with BCG, integrating immune cell frequencies, single-cell RNA sequencing, plasma proteins, metabolites, and DNA methylation profiles. Our findings revealed significant sex-specific differences in immune pathways that contribute to BCG efficacy. In males, pre-vaccination signatures were associated with a stronger pro-inflammatory response, highlighting the importance of an innate-driven immune response, while females exhibited enhanced antigen presentation pathways and adaptive immune responses. This study underscores the need for understanding individual baseline immune status in relation to biological sex, an approach that could represent a promising path to optimizing vaccine effectiveness.
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Registered trials
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