Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41676879›Full record

ArticleFEBS open bio2026

Applicability of mitotic figure counting by deep learning: a development and pan-cancer validation study.

Joakim Kalsnes, Maria X Isaksen, Frida Julbø, Manohar Pradhan, Andreas Kleppe, Sepp De Raedt, Ole-Johan Skrede, Turid Torheim, John Arne Nesheim, Hans Martin Mohn and 23 more

Abstract readValidation Study
In one paragraph

Article in FEBS open bio, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

33 authors.

Joakim KalsnesInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Maria X IsaksenInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Frida JulbøInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Manohar PradhanInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Andreas KleppeInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8370-5289
Sepp De RaedtInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Ole-Johan SkredeInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Turid TorheimInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
John Arne NesheimInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Hans Martin MohnInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Hanne A AskautrudInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Karolina CyllInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Wanja KildalInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Emma RewcastleDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway.
Melinda LillesandDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway.
Vebjørn KvikstadDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway.
Emiel JanssenDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway.
Robert JonesDepartment of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
Odd Terje BrustugunSection of Oncology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.
Bjørn BrennhovdDepartment of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Erik Skaaheim HaugInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Lill-Tove Rasmussen BusundDepartment of Medical Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Elin RichardsenDepartment of Medical Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Sigve AndersenDepartment of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway.
Tom DønnemDepartment of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway.
Kristina LindemannInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2162-0175
Gunnar KristensenInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6231-7247
Neil A ShepherdGloucestershire Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Cheltenham General Hospital, UK.
Marco NovelliResearch Department of Pathology, University College London Medical School, UK.
Knut LiestølInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
David KerrNuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
Håvard E DanielsenInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Tarjei S HveemInstitute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-5048

Funding

Norges Forskningsråd 259204Norges Forskningsråd 309610
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mitotic figure counting is an established measure of cell proliferation that is included in grading systems. We developed a deep learning method for mitotic figure counting and evaluated its prognostic impact in multiple external validation datasets. The deep learning method was trained in whole slide images of tissue sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin from a publicly available breast cancer dataset where mitotic figures have been annotated by expert pathologists. The final model was externally validated according to a protocol with predefined analyses of 14 571 patient samples from 13 patient cohorts from seven different cancer types. The predefined primary analysis was univariable Cox survival analysis of the number of mitotic figures detected per mm

Indexed as

Deep LearningMitosisMitotic IndexNeoplasmsBreast NeoplasmsCell ProliferationFemaleHumansImage Processing, Computer-AssistedPrognosiscancerdeep learningdigital pathologymitotic figure countprognosisvalidation study

Identifiers

PMID41676879
PMCPMC13327041

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.