ArticleRSC advances2026
Synergistic waste-derived fillers induce polar phase transformation for high-performance fluorinated polymer.
Article in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
This manuscript reports a scalable, solution-cast strategy to upcycle waste-derived functional fillers into electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) hybrid membranes for promising dielectric/piezoelectric applications. Carbon-doped recycled ZnO (Rc-ZnO) microspheres are synthesized from spent zinc-carbon batteries and combined with graphene oxide (GO) to fabricate PVDF/Rc-ZnO, PVDF/GO, and ternary PVDF/Rc-ZnO/GO films at a fixed total loading of 10 wt% (5 wt% Rc-ZnO/5 wt% GO in the ternary system) using DMF/acetone casting and controlled thermal drying. Structural and spectroscopic analyses (XRD/FT-IR/SEM) confirm a filler-driven α → β transformation, where GO defect sites act as nucleation centers and the dual-filler system increases the β-phase fractions alongside a morphology evolution toward a more interconnected porous architecture. Dielectric spectroscopy shows that co-doping delivers the most favorable electrical response, with AC conductivity increasing with frequency and temperature due to synergistic charge-carrier generation by ZnO and conductive pathways provided by GO. Density-functional-theory calculations (B3LYP/DGDZVP2) further rationalize these trends by revealing a strong reduction in the electronic gap upon interfacial hybridization (PVDF: 9.251 eV; GO/PVDF/ZnO: 1.595 eV; d-GO/PVDF/ZnO: 0.833 eV), supporting enhanced interfacial polarization and charge transport.
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