ArticleEpilepsy & behavior reports2026
Duolingo-induced seizures in GAD65 IgG associated autoimmune epilepsy.
Article in Epilepsy & behavior reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Autoimmune etiologies of seizures have been increasingly recognized with the discovery of novel autoantibodies to cell surface and intracellular antigens. GAD65 neurologic autoimmunity has been associated with stiff person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, and chronic focal epilepsy, usually of temporal regional origin. While musicogenic reflex seizures have been described in multiple GAD65 IgG seropositive patients, non-musicogenic acoustic reflex seizures have not been described. We present a case of a patient with GAD65 antibody associated epilepsy with a long-standing history of right temporal seizures who developed left temporal reflex seizures triggered by a specific character and language while using the language learning app, Duolingo™.
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