ArticleEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)2026
Associations of gestational maternal urinary concentrations of individual and mixtures of parabens with cognition in 7.5-month-old infants.
Article in Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Few studies have assessed the impact of gestational paraben exposure on neurodevelopment. We evaluated associations of gestational exposure to three parabens with infant cognition at 7.5 months using a visual recognition memory task. Methods: Parabens were quantified in urine samples pooled from five time-point collections across pregnancy. Cognition was measured using infrared eye-tracking. Infants (n = 310) were shown two identical faces (familiarization), followed by the familiar face paired with a novel face (test trials). Covariate-adjusted generalized linear regression assessed associations of each individual paraben with four cognitive outcomes. Quantile g-computation assessed associations of the paraben mixture with the outcomes. Stratified models assessed the moderation by infant sex. Results: Mothers were mostly white and college-educated with incomes >$50,000/year. Ethylparaben was associated with changes in attention with shorter familiarization time in females (per interquartile range [IQR] increase β = -0.015; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.034, 0.000), but longer familiarization time in males (per IQR increase β = 0.010; 95% CI = 0.000, 0.015), as well as longer run duration (slower information processing) in females (per IQR increase β = 0.015; 95% CI = 0.000, 0.029). Propylparaben was associated with a lower shift rate, also indicating slower information processing (per IQR increase β = -0.016; 95% CI = -0.032, 0.027) in females. In contrast, the paraben mixture was associated with longer run duration (per IQR increase β = 0.317; 95% CI = -0.020, 0.654), but higher novelty preference (improved memory) (per IQR increase β = 0.029, 95% CI = 0.002, 0.056) and higher shift rate (faster processing) (per IQR increase β = 0.027; 95% CI = 0.000, 0.054) in males. Conclusion: Parabens were associated with changes in infant cognition, with patterns of association differing by sex and cognitive domain, and when parabens were considered individually versus as a mixture.
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