Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41674620›Full record

ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026

Time to HIV rebound after antiretroviral therapy interruption: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of long-acting broadly neutralising antibodies; The RIO Trial.

Ming Jie Lee, Louise-Rae Cherrill, Panagiota Zacharopoulou, Simon Collins, Marcilio Fumagalli, Emanuela Falaschetti, Mohammed Altaf, Timothy Tipoe, Piyumika Godakandaarachi, Julie Fox and 35 more

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Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

45 authors.

Ming Jie LeeImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Louise-Rae CherrillImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Panagiota ZacharopoulouImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Simon CollinsImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Marcilio FumagalliImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Emanuela FalaschettiImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Mohammed AltafImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Timothy TipoeImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Piyumika GodakandaarachiImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Julie FoxImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Alison UrielImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Amanda ClarkeImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Sabine Kinloch-de LoesImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Sarah PettImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Marta BoffitoImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Gary WhitlockImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Ole Schmeltz SøgaardImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Kyle RingImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Irvine MangawaImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Jesal GohilImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Tamara ElliottImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Henrik NielsenImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Jesper Damsgaard GunstImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Chloe OrkinImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Rebecca SutherlandImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Lisa HamzahImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Paola CicconiImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Graham P TaylorImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Jacquie UjetzImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Ishrat JahanImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Helen BrownImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Nicola RobinsonImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Stephen FletcherImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Hanna BoxImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Kelly E SeatonImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Georgia TomarasImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Margaret E AckermanImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Joshua A WeinerImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Anna KaczynskaImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Cintia BittarImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Jill HorowitzImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Michel Claudio NussenzweigImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Marina CaskeyImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
John FraterImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).
Sarah FidlerImperial College London (M.J.L., L-R.C., E.F., G. Taylor., J.U., I.J., S.F., H. B., T.E., G.T., S. Fidler.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (S. Fidler., T.E., H. B.,)., Nuffield Department of Medicine, the University of Oxford (P.Z., T.T., M.A., H. Brown.,N.R, P.C., J.F.) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (J. F.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.T.), HIV i-Base, London (S.C.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.C.), Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.G., J. Fox.), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (A.U., I.M.), University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton & Sussex Medical School (A.C.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (S.K-L.), University College London (S.K-L., S.P), Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust (S.P.), St George's University Hospital, London NHS Foundation Trust (L.H), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian Trust, Edinburgh (R.S.), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London (M.B., G.W.), Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London (C.O., K.R.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (J.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.N.); Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (O.S.S., J.D.G.); The Rockefeller University, New York, USA (M.F., C.B., A.K., J.H., M.C.N., M.C.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA (M.C.N.), Duke University, Durham, USA (K.F.S., H.M.G, G.D.T), Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA (M.E.A., J.A.W.).

Funding

Social and Behavioral Sciences CoreP30AI064518 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Nwora Lance Okeke · 2005 to 2026
$50.5M
Gates Foundation INV-036842NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI064518
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: HIV-specific broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) can maintain viral control after interrupting antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated the duration and efficacy of Fc-engineered long-acting bNAbs (LS-bNAbs) in maintaining ART-free HIV control compared with placebo. Methods: RIO is a 1:1 randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of two LS-bNAbs (3BNC117-LS & 10-1074-LS) in individuals virally suppressed on ART initiated since early-stage HIV. Eligible participants interrupted ART after receiving blinded infusions of either both LS-bNAbs (Arm-A) or placebo (Arm-B). A second optional blinded infusion was offered after 20 weeks for participants who remained virally suppressed without ART. The primary outcome was time to viral rebound 20 weeks after ART interruption, defined as either the first of six consecutive plasma HIV RNA >1,000 copies/mL, or two measurements >100,000 copies/mL. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, long-term viral control and bNAb pharmacokinetics. Findings: Sixty-eight participants were randomised, thirty-four to each arm. By week 20, viral rebound had occurred in 8 Arm-A and 30 Arm-B participants; 75% (95% CI, 61 - 92) of Arm-A participants had not rebounded, compared to 11% (95% CI, 4-29) participants in Arm-B. Arm-A participants were 91% less likely to rebound compared to Arm-B participants (hazard ratio of rebound (HR): 0.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 - 0.21, P < 0.001). ART-free viral control using the above endpoints beyond 96 weeks was evident in 7 (25%, 95% CI 13 - 48) Arm-A participants compared to 2 (11%, 95% CI 4 - 29) Arm-B participants (HR: 0.22, 95% CI 0.12 - 0.40, P < 0.001). These seven participants had predicted serum bNAb concentrations below the presumed therapeutic threshold of 10 μg/mL at 96 weeks. Of nine serious adverse events, none were study-related. Conclusion: Long-acting bNAbs can sustain extended ART-free viral control in people treated during early-stage HIV and represent a promising step towards achieving ART-free HIV remission.

Indexed as

10-10743BNC117analytical treatment interruptionbNAbsbroadly neutralising antibodiescureHIV

Identifiers

PMID41674620
PMCPMC12889798

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