ArticleJournal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle2026
Asian Reference Values for Handgrip Strength, Gait Speed, Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test, Muscle Mass and Calf Circumference.
Article in Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comment on 'Asian Reference Values for Handgrip Strength, Gait Speed, Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test, Muscle Mass and Calf Circumference' by Grgic et al.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- Asian Reference Values for Handgrip Strength, Gait Speed, Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test, Muscle Mass and Calf Circumference.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- Comment on 'Asian Reference Values for Handgrip Strength, Gait Speed, Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test, Muscle Mass and Calf Circumference' by Grgic et al.-The Authors' Reply.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
25 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHandgrip strength, gait speed, Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) performance, skeletal muscle mass and calf circumference are important health outcomes, particularly useful for diagnosing sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to establish reference (normative) values for handgrip strength, gait speed, FTSST performance, skeletal muscle mass and calf circumference by pooling individual participant data from national cohorts in Asia.
methodsWe conducted a pooled analysis of individual participant data from 20 national cohorts representing 12 Asian countries (China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore and Sri Lanka). We included cohorts with data on at least one relevant outcome collected among community-dwelling individuals aged 20 years and older (up to 100+ years). Data were harmonized and stratified by sex and 5-year age groups with the 5th, 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th, 60th, 70th, 80th, 90th and 95th percentile calculated for each outcome. Pan-Asian, regional (East, South, Southeast and West Asia) and country-specific reference values were calculated.
resultsThe number of participants in the analysis was as follows: 277921 (54.6% females) for handgrip strength; 13 474 (50.4% females) for 2.5-m gait speed; 139 121 (54.9% females) for 4-m gait speed; 55 235 (52.2% females) for FTSST performance; 49 309 (56.6% females) for skeletal muscle mass via bioelectrical impedance analysis or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; and 19 465 (55.8% females) for calf circumference. The established reference values were generally more favourable among younger age groups, compared with older age groups, and they also varied across Asian regions. The largest regional analysis was performed for handgrip strength, and indicated higher values in East and West Asia, compared with South and Southeast Asia. There were also differences in the established reference values between sexes, typically indicating greater handgrip strength, higher gait speed, better performance on the FTSST, more skeletal muscle mass and larger calf circumference among males, compared with females.
conclusionsThis study provides the most comprehensive set of reference values for handgrip strength, gait speed, FTSST performance, skeletal muscle mass and calf circumference in the Asian population. The findings demonstrate clear gradients by age and sex, as well as regional variation. The reference values for Asian populations provided in this study offer a valuable resource for clinical, public health and research applications.
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