ReviewBJU international2026
Cytoreductive nephrectomy in the era of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: back to the future?
Review in BJU international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Multicenter Randomized Trial of Deferred Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Synchronous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Checkpoint Inhibitors: a Trial Evaluating the Impact of Surgery or No Surgery. The NORDIC-SUN-Trial
Phase III Trial of Immunotherapy-Based Combination Therapy With or Without Cytoreductive Nephrectomy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (PROBE Trial)
The Role of Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma in Immuno-oncology Era: SEVURO-CN Trial
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
methodsA narrative review was carried out using PubMed and searching for English articles published from January 2015 to May 2025.
resultsAfter the screening process, 12 retrospective studies comparing outcomes in patients with mRCC treated with ICI-based regimens, with or without CN (either upfront or deferred) were deemed eligible. Of those, six indicated a survival benefit for patients undergoing CN in combination with ICIs with hazards ratios ranging from 0.19 to 0.63, a finding that remains consistent within the upfront CN subgroup. However, the included studies' retrospective nature, inherent selection, and immortal time biases limit definitive conclusions. Ongoing phase III randomised trials, NORDIC-SUN (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03977571) and Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG)-1931 (also known as PROBE; NCT04510597), are evaluating the role of deferred CN after initial ICI therapy, while the role of upfront CN in the ICI era will be likely elucidated by SEVURO-CN (NCT05753839) trial.
conclusionOur findings highlight reconsidering the importance of CN in the ICI era, potentially driven by the influence of tumour burden on anti-cancer immunity and the limited efficacy of ICIs against primary tumours. Future research, ideally through randomised trials involving patients suitable for safe surgery, should aim to clarify the optimal timing of CN in the context of ICI therapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.