ArticleBMC women's health2026
Unseen burden: depression and anxiety associated with intimate partner violence among Nepalese women.
Article in BMC women's health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Determinants of intimate partner violence among women of reproductive age: a cross-sectional study in Türkiye.BMC women's health · 2026Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIntimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global public health problem linked to adverse mental health outcomes. Population-based evidence from Nepal, where IPV remains prevalent, is limited, and its mental health impact remains unexplored. This study assessed the association between different forms and combinations of IPV and depression and anxiety symptoms among women of reproductive age in Nepal, and to quantify the public health impact of IPV elimination.
methodsThis cross-sectional study used nationally representative data from the 2022 Nepal Demographic Health Survey, including 4,523 women aged 15 to 49 who were interviewed for the domestic violence module. IPV in the last 12 months was measured using standard questionnaire from DHS. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) respectively. Multivariable logistic regressions adjusted for confounding factors, were conducted to assess the association between IPV and depression and anxiety symptoms. Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) was calculated to estimate the proportion of depression/anxiety symptoms preventable by eliminating IPV.
resultsWomen who experienced any form of IPV in the last 12 months had significantly higher odds of depression symptoms (Prevalence odds ratio (PrOR):2.96; 95% CI: 2.09–4.21) and anxiety symptoms (PrOR:2.16; 95% CI:1.59–2.94) compared to unexposed women. Emotional violence showed strong association with depression (PrOR: 3.38; 95% CI: 2.31–4.94) and anxiety symptoms (PrOR, 2.48; 95% CI: 1.77–3.48) compared to unexposed women. Women who experienced all three forms of IPV (physical, sexual, and emotional) in last 12 months had the highest odds of depression (PrOR: 6.33; 95% CI: 3.53–11.33) and anxiety symptoms (PrOR: 3.71; 95% CI: 1.99–6.92) when compared to unexposed women. PAF analysis indicated that eliminating any IPV form could prevent 28.5% (range: 18.3%-37.5%) of depression and 18.8% (range: 10.8%-26.0%) of anxiety symptoms in this population.
conclusionsIPV is significantly associated with depression and anxiety, with a strong association observed for multiple forms of violence. These results highlight the urgent need for integrated public health interventions addressing IPV as a central strategy to improve women’s mental health in Nepal.
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