Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41673595›Full record

ArticleBMC ophthalmology2026

Corneal endothelial morphology in type 2 diabetes mellitus, a comparative study among Nepalese population.

Bandana Aryal, Sarmila Acharya, Sanjeeta Sitaula, Pratap Karki, Meenu Chaudhary

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Bandana AryalDepartment of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medicine, B.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. bandanaaryal197@gmail.com.
Sarmila AcharyaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medicine, B.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Sanjeeta SitaulaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medicine, B.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Pratap KarkiDepartment of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medicine, B.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Meenu ChaudharyDepartment of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medicine, B.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTo access and compare the corneal endothelial morphology between type two diabetic patients (T2DM) and non-diabetic controls, and to explore their associations with diabetes duration, HbA1c levels and severity of diabetic retinopathy in a Nepalese cohort as diabetes can lead to morphological changes in the corneal endothelium, yet data specific to the Nepalese population remain limited.

methodsA hospital-based, cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted involving 220 eyes (110 diabetic and 110 control). Non-contact specular microscopy (NIDEK CEM-530) was employed to access endothelial cell parameters, including endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (CV), percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX), and central corneal thickness (CCT).

resultsDiabetic corneas exhibited significantly lower ECD (2728.68 ± 216.40 vs. 2847.74 ± 194.97 cells/mm², p < 0.001) and HEX (64.93 ± 4.88% vs. 66.15 ± 4.09%, p = 0.0045), alongside higher CV (32.49 ± 4.26% vs. 31.01 ± 3.08%, p = 0.003) and CCT (545.63 ± 29.93 μm vs. 534.32 ± 27.29 μm, p = 0.004). Longer duration of diabetes (≥ 10 years) correlated with reduced ECD (p = 0.013). Eyes with DR demonstrated more pronounced endothelial dysfunction, (p < 0.05). HEX showed a negative correlation with HbA1c (p = 0.038).

conclusionT2DM significantly alters corneal endothelial morphology and function, with worsening changes associated with prolonged diabetes, poor glycemic control, and advanced DR. These findings underscore the need for routine endothelial evaluation in diabetic patients to mitigate surgical risks and monitor corneal health.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diabetic RetinopathyEndothelium, CornealAdultAgedCell CountCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansMaleMiddle AgedNepalGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanCentral corneal thicknessDiabetes mellitusDiabetic retinopathyEndothelial cell densitySpecular microscopy

Identifiers

PMID41673595
PMCPMC12895661

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.