ArticleBMC genomics2026
Analysis and comparison of chloroplast genome codon usage patterns in five accessions of Toxicodendron vernicifluum.
Article in BMC genomics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Comprehensive analysis of chloroplast codon usage patterns in the important medicinal genusFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe chloroplast (cp.) is the photosynthetic organelle of plants and algae, responsible for acquiring essential energy. It possesses relatively independent genetic material, a highly conserved structure, a small genome size, and low mutation and recombination rates. Consequently, the chloroplast genome plays a crucial role in elucidating the origin, evolution, and phylogenetic relationships of species. Toxicodendron vernicifluum, belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, is an important special economic forest distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces of China. Codon preference is a universal phenomenon in the genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The formation of codon preference is mainly influenced by the natural selection and mutation pressure. Studying the codon preference of plant chloroplast genome is helpful to determine the optimal codon design and vector design in chloroplast genetic engineering.
resultsAnalysis of the codon utilization patterns in the chloroplast genomes of five T. vernicifluum accessions revealed a high degree of similarity among them. All five accessions exhibited similar base compositions, with high A/T content and low G/C content and a preference for A/T-ending codons. 6 optimal codons were identified in each chloroplast genome of the five T. vernicifluum accessions, and all end with A/T. According to the ENc-plot, PR2-plot and neutrality-plot, the formation of codon preference T. vernicifluum was affected by multiple factors, and natural selection was the dominant factor. Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have potential value as the heterologous expression host for five accessions of T. vernicifluum genes.
conclusionsThis study highlights the remarkable similarity in codon usage patterns among the five accessions of T. vernicifluum chloroplast genomes, driven by natural selection. Understanding the gene expression characteristics of T. vernicifluum and elucidating the laws governing its genetic evolution are facilitated by investigating the codon preferences in these accessions. Our results provide an important theoretical basis for evolutionary analysis and transgenic research of chloroplast genes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.