ReviewEnvironmental science and pollution research international2026
Chlorine-UV hybrid disinfection: a review on mechanisms and efficiency towards emerging pollutants.
Review in Environmental science and pollution research international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Submarine outfall relocation and the reduction of microbiological risk in bathing waters.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review comprehensively evaluates the direct and indirect disinfection mechanisms and performance of chlorine-UV hybrid disinfection (CUV-HD) for the removal of microbial and emerging contaminants, including post-disinfection regrowth and formation potential of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), to ensure safe reuse of treated effluents. Direct disinfection reactions are mediated by HOCl and OCl⁻, as well as UV-induced photolytic damage. In contrast, indirect inactivation is driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly ∙OH, and reactive chlorine species (RCS) such as Cl∙, ClO∙, and Cl₂∙⁻. The order of reactive species generation indicates UV/chlorine > chlorine-UV > UV-chlorine, which is supported by the effective reduction potential and, consequently, the disinfection efficacy against microbial pollutants in treated wastewater. However, the water matrix, including pH, temperature, organic matter, and total suspended solids (TSS), significantly influences both the disinfection efficiency of these hybrid strategies and the potential formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The formation potential of DBPs follows the order: UV/chlorine > UV-chlorine > chlorine-UV. Further studies quantifying reactive chlorine species (RCS) and elucidating their roles in CUV-HD are needed to fully understand the underlying indirect disinfection mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.