Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41673139›Full record

ArticleNature biomedical engineering2026

Injury and therapy in a human spinal cord organoid.

Nozomu Takata, Zhiwei Li, Anna Metlushko, Feng Chen, Nicholas A Sather, Xinyi Lin, Matthew J Schipma, Oscar A Carballo-Molina, Cassandre Jamroz, Madison E Strong and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Transcriptomics Insights into Spinal Cord Injury for Therapy Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Nozomu TakataCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-6994
Zhiwei LiCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Anna MetlushkoDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2305-555X
Feng ChenCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Nicholas A SatherCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-1882
Xinyi LinDepartment of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Matthew J SchipmaCenter for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Oscar A Carballo-MolinaCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Cassandre JamrozCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Madison E StrongDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Cara S SmithCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Yang YangCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5529
Ching M WaiCenter for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Neha JoshiCenter for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Jack Kolberg-EdelbrockMedical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Kyle J GrayDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Suitu WangCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Liam C PalmerCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0804-1168
Samuel I StuppCenter for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. s-stupp@northwestern.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-7442

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Damage to the spinal cord can lead to irreversible paralysis and loss of sensory function, but translation of preclinical therapies remains elusive. We recently showed that bioactive supramolecular assemblies of peptide amphiphiles can reverse paralysis in an acute mouse model following severe spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we report the development of two human spinal cord organoid injury models to simulate SCI in vitro, a laceration of the organoid with a scalpel and a compressive contusion commonly used in preclinical models, both resulting in immediate neuronal death and the formation of glial scar-like tissue. Treatment of the injured organoids with the preclinical therapy suppressed the scar-like tissue and promoted significant axonal regeneration, as observed previously in vivo. With the inclusion of microglia into the spinal cord organoids, we demonstrate that the supramolecular nanomaterial reduced pro-inflammatory factors commonly associated with injury. The human spinal cord organoid models developed here could accelerate the discovery of therapies to treat SCI and possibly damage of other central nervous system tissues owing to trauma or disease.

Identifiers

PMID41673139

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.