ArticleScientific reports2026
Long-term ecological effectiveness of the Three-North shelterbelt program assessed by changes in ecosystem services.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Physiology and the future of animals in shifting-sand deserts: living, moving and thermoregulating in the sand.Conservation physiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Large-scale ecological restoration programs have been widely implemented to alleviate ecological degradation and environmental stress in arid and semi-arid regions. However, evaluating their long-term ecological effectiveness remains challenging, particularly across large spatial extents and extended time periods. Using multi-source meteorological, topographic, soil, and remote sensing data for five benchmark years spanning 1985-2024, this study evaluates the long-term ecological effectiveness of the Three-North Shelterbelt Program from an ecosystem services perspective. Four key ecosystem services-water conservation, biodiversity maintenance, soil conservation, and wind erosion control-were quantified to analyze their spatiotemporal dynamics across the Three-North region. The results show that ecosystem services have generally increased over the past four decades, indicating an overall enhancement in ecosystem functioning across much of the study area. Spatially, ecosystem services exhibit a pronounced southeast-to-northwest gradient, with higher service levels in relatively humid southeastern and southern regions and lower levels in arid central and western areas. Analysis across land use types further shows that forest and grassland ecosystems play a critical role in sustaining ecosystem services. In addition, regions with differing levels of ecosystem services require differentiated protection and management strategies. Overall, this study provides a functional-level assessment of long-term ecological changes associated with the Three-North Shelterbelt Program and offers insights to support the design and management of large-scale ecological restoration initiatives in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Registered trials
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