SynthesisRMD open2026
Autoantibodies as predictors of progression to rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in RMD open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Subclinical inflammation and early pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases: mechanistic insights relevant to primary care.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Review
- Protective and Pathogenic Antibodies to Citrullinated Antigens.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenesis, Risk Stratification, and Therapeutic Interception.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
29 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine autoantibody positive individuals and define: (a) the relative risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with autoantibody negative individuals and (b) the cumulative incidence of RA over time, in different populations.
methodsA systematic literature search was performed in August 2025. Retrospective case control studies of individuals with RA and healthy matched controls were identified and relative risk of RA was calculated. Prospective observational studies or randomised controlled trials of autoantibody positive individuals were identified and pooled survival models were used to estimate cumulative incidence of progression to arthritis.
results293 full-text articles fulfilled screening criteria and 26 were eligible for meta-analysis. The presence of serum autoantibodies confers between a 3.1--19.3-fold increase risk of developing RA. Prospective studies of anticyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (CCP2) or CCP3 positive individuals were grouped according to additional criteria; presence of arthralgia, presence/absence of immunoglobulin M rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) and first-degree or second-degree relatives with RA. The estimated cumulative incidence of RA at 12 months was highest for CCP2 positive individuals with arthralgia and IgM-RF, at 35.2% (95% CI 29.3% to 41.2%).
conclusionA considerable number of autoantibodies have been examined as predictors for RA; however, the fastest rate of progression to RA in this study occurred in those with CCP2 and IgM-RF in combination with arthralgia. Importantly, the risk of developing RA changes over time for individuals with arthralgia, and they are at the highest risk of progression within the first 24 months of follow-up. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021231245.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.