Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41672407›Full record

Observational studyThe American journal of clinical nutrition2026

Gestational diabetes, human milk oligosaccharide concentrations, and their links to infant weight gain and the gut microbiome in a United States observational cohort.

Annalee J Furst, Kelsey E Johnson, Emily M Nagel, Nikhila Yerabandi, Allyson M Kats, Tiffany T Gallagher, Cheryl A Gale, Kristin Palmsten, Stephanie Pierce, Samantha Hoffman and 5 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03301753 (Maternal Obesity, Breast Milk Composition, and Infant Growth), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03301753 active not recruitingnot on this map

Maternal Obesity, Breast Milk Composition, and Infant Growth

TypeobservationalSponsorUniversity of MinnesotaRan2014 to 2026Enrolled2,050ConditionsObesity, Pregnancy, Breastmilk Collection, Infant Overnutrition
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Annalee J FurstDivision of Neonatology and the Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in the Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, and the Human Milk Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
Kelsey E JohnsonDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Emily M NagelDivision of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
Nikhila YerabandiDivision of Neonatology and the Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in the Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, and the Human Milk Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
Allyson M KatsDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
Tiffany T GallagherDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
Cheryl A GaleDivision of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
Kristin PalmstenPregnancy and Child Health Research Center, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
Stephanie PierceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
Samantha HoffmanDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
Katherine JacobsDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
David A FieldsSection of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
Elvira M IsganaitisDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, United States.
Lars BodeDivision of Neonatology and the Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in the Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, and the Human Milk Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
Ellen W DemerathDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: ewd@umn.edu.

Funding

Maternal Obesity, Milk Composition, and Infant GrowthR01HD080444 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI ELLEN W. DEMERATH, DAVID A FIELDS · 2014 to 2026
$6.4M
Milk-Omics: Systems Biology of Human Milk and Its Links to Maternal and Infant HealthR01HD109830 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Ran Blekhman, ELLEN W. DEMERATH · 2022 to 2026
$3.5M
Genetic and genomic influences on human milk composition and impacts on infant healthR00HD113834 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI JOHNSON, KELSEY ELIZABETH · 2025 to 2025
$747k
NICHD NIH HHS R00 HD113834NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD080444NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD109830
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases offspring obesity risk, but whether this occurs via changes in human milk composition, including alterations in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), is unknown.

objectivesThis study aimed to identify differences in HMO concentrations in mothers with and without GDM and test whether GDM-associated HMOs are associated with infant growth, body composition, and fecal microbiome characteristics over the first 6-mo of life.

methodsHuman milk was collected at 1-mo postpartum from 337 females (49 with GDM) who fed their infants breastmilk exclusively. HMOs were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and multivariate regression models were used to test differences in HMO concentrations by GDM status (false discovery rate adjustment for multiple testing set at q < 0.05). HMOs associated with GDM were then tested for associations with infant growth, body composition, and 1 and 6-mo infant fecal microbial abundances measured by metagenomic whole-genome sequencing.

resultsParticipants with GDM had ∼1 SD higher milk 6'sialyllactose (6'SL) {[β (95% confidence interval): 0.58 (0.20, 0.96)] and lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP III) III [95% CI: 0.55 (0.16, 0.94)]} compared with those without GDM and 6'SL concentration was also positively associated with weight and length gain. Although infants of mothers with GDM had lower 1-mo fecal α-diversity and altered abundances of 6 of 56 microbial species detected compared with those without GDM, microbial features were not associated with the concentration of either 6'SL or LNFP III and evidence for mediation of GDM-growth and GDM-microbiome by HMOs was not found.

conclusionsMothers with a GDM diagnosis had higher milk concentrations of LNFP III and 6'SL, and 6'SL was in turn associated with increased infant growth rate, but neither HMO was associated with differential infant gut microbial abundances. The results suggest that the link between 6'SL and faster infant growth, if causal, occurs via mechanisms independent of the infant gut microbiome. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03301753.

Indexed as

Diabetes, GestationalGastrointestinal MicrobiomeMilk, HumanOligosaccharidesWeight GainAdultChild DevelopmentCohort StudiesFecesFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMalePregnancyUnited StatesOligosaccharidesbody compositionbreastfeedinggestational diabetes mellitusgrowthhuman milk oligosaccharidesinfantlactationmicrobiome

Identifiers

PMID41672407
PMCPMC13084584

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.