ArticleEuropean journal of clinical investigation2026
Increased levels of serum surfactant protein D are associated with cardiovascular disease incidence in the Spanish adult population: Di@bet.es study.
Article in European journal of clinical investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Increased levels of serum surfactant protein D are associated with cardiovascular disease incidence in the Spanish adult population: Di@bet.es study.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
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13 authors.
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Abstract
aimsCardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality. New biomarkers are needed to improve CVD risk prediction. Several studies have reported associations between surfactant protein D (SP-D), an innate immune system component, and CVD; however, general population studies remain scarce. The main aim of this study was to investigate the association between SP-D and CVD events incidence in the Spanish general adult population.
methodsSocio-demographic, lifestyle (including smoking status) and clinical data from 1707 participants of the di@bet.es cohort without previous CVD events were collected and analysed. CVD events (including both morbidity and mortality) were reported at baseline and after 7.5 years of follow-up. SP-D serum levels were measured by ELISA and categorized in quartiles.
resultsSP-D categories are associated with CVD events incidence, independently from other strong risk factors such as cardiovascular risk scores (SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP), BMI, hs-CRP, or eGFR. Although SP-D has been linked to smoking, SP-D categories predicted CVD events incidence even among non-smokers. The addition of SP-D to multivariate models improved performance in the assessment, predicting 83% of the events with a specificity of 74% and a sensitivity of 84% in the overall population.
conclusionsSP-D may be considered as a promising biomarker of CVD events in combination with other well established factors in clinical practice.
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