ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2026
Longitudinal associations between violence exposure and adolescent conduct problems in a high-adversity, South African setting.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundViolence exposure is a well-established risk factor for adolescent conduct problems, yet longitudinal research in high-adversity, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains limited. This study investigated whether early adolescent violence exposure predicts concurrent and longer-term conduct problems, and explored potential bidirectional associations and sex differences in a peri-urban South African community with high rates of poverty and violence.
methodsData were drawn from the Thula Sana birth cohort (n = 357; 51.5% female), a longitudinal intervention study in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Adolescents were assessed at early (ages 12-14) and late adolescence (ages 16-19). Violence exposure was measured using adolescent self-report. Conduct problems were measured using adolescent and caregiver report in early adolescence and adolescent self-report in late adolescence. Multiple linear regressions tested cross-sectional associations, and cross-lagged panel models examined longitudinal and bidirectional associations, adjusting for contextual adversity and intervention status. Missing data were addressed using multiple imputation, and findings were confirmed through sensitivity analyses.
resultsViolence exposure was associated with higher concurrent conduct problems in early adolescence (β = .15-.19, p < .01) and predicted higher conduct problems in late adolescence (β = .12-.14, p < .05). The reverse pathway, from conduct problems to subsequent violence exposure, was not significant (β = .08-.11, p > .05). Interaction analyses did not provide evidence that associations differed by sex.
conclusionsViolence exposure in early adolescence represents a prospective risk factor for conduct problems in a high-adversity South African setting. Findings highlight the importance of early, contextually grounded violence prevention and the need for further research to test sex-specific pathways and inform the development of gender-responsive intervention strategies.
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