Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41668646›Full record

ArticleActa odontologica Scandinavica2026

Expression of intracellular toll-like receptors in leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Divya Ganesh, Jonas Sundberg, Amal Dafar, Göran Kjeller, Dipak Sapkota, Jenny Öhman, Daniel Giglio, Bengt Hasséus

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In one paragraph

Article in Acta odontologica Scandinavica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Divya GaneshDepartment of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Jonas SundbergDepartment of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Public Dental Service, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Amal DafarDepartment of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Göran KjellerDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Dipak SapkotaDepartment of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Jenny ÖhmanDepartment of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Daniel GiglioDepartment of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine and Oncology, Southern Älvsborg Hospital, Borås, Sweden.
Bengt HasséusDepartment of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. bengt.hasseus@gu.se.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveToll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pathogen recognition receptors expressed not only on immune cells but also cancer cells, where TLR activation may lead to tumour progression or suppression. At present, little is known about the role of TLRs and their connection with immune responses in precancerous lesions, such as oral leukoplakia (OL). In the present study, we have explored the immune activation and the expression of the intracellular TLRs - TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 in OL without and with dysplasia, and in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). PATIENTS AND

methodsImmunohistochemistry was performed on 19 OL patients without dysplasia (OL-no) and 13 patients with dysplasia (OL-dys) and 10 OSCC patients. On digitalised images, TLR3-, TLR7-, TLR8- and TLR9-expressing cells were semi-quantitatively assessed, while the number of CD3- and CD8-expressing cells/mm2 was registered.

resultsNuclear TLR7 appeared in 31% of OL-dys but was absent in OL-no (p = 0.03). Cytoplasmic TLR8 was higher in OL-no than OL-dys (32% vs. 8%, p = 0.02). Similarly, cytoplasmic TLR9 was also higher OL-no than OL-dys (42% vs. 23%, p = 0.01).

conclusionsTLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are all expressed in OL-no, OL-dys, and OSCC. Also, the study provides evidence for possible nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of TLRs.

Indexed as

Carcinoma, Squamous CellLeukoplakia, OralMouth NeoplasmsToll-Like ReceptorsAgedFemaleHumansImmunohistochemistryMaleMiddle AgedToll-Like Receptor 9Toll-Like Receptor 9Toll-Like Receptors

Identifiers

PMID41668646
PMCPMC12905664

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.