ArticleZoonoses and public health2026
Longitudinal Surveillance of Influenza A Virus Exposure in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in Spain (2015-2023): Serologic and Virologic Evidence of Subtype Infections and H5N1 Spillover Risk.
Article in Zoonoses and public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Zoonotic infections and genomic evolution of novel reassortant swine influenza A viruses in Spain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Integrated Surveillance of Viral Pathogens in Wild Boars: Serological and Molecular Insight in Southern Italy.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are responsible for respiratory infections in a wide range of species, including birds, swine and humans. The role of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in IAV epidemiology remains underexplored. Here, we present a longitudinal serologic and virologic surveillance study of wild boars in Spain from 2015 to 2023.
methodsA total of 1643 nasal exudates and 2932 serum samples were analysed using quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays to detect IAV positive samples and IAV targeted antibodies to characterise circulating viral subtypes. In addition, in the context of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks, we explored the potential transmission of avian IAV to wild boar.
resultsIn summary, 6% of the serum samples tested positive and one IAV H3N1 was isolated. The seroprevalence remained stable from 2015 to 2018, undetected in 2019 and increased significantly from 2020 to 2023. The most frequently detected subtype was Eurasian avian-like H1 (clade 1C) while pandemic H1 (clade 1A) and human-like H1 (clade 1B) were less common. Human seasonal-like H3 strains from the 2000s (2000s-like H3) emerged in 2017 and have become more seroprevalent in recent years. A subset of wild boar sera from areas overlapping with H5N1 HPAI outbreaks in poultry and wild birds tested positive for recombinant H5 by ELISA, although H5N1 HI assays were negative.
conclusionsThe monitoring of IAV in wild boar population allowed the identification of the temporal and spatial trends and shifts in the prevalence and characterisation of the infecting IAV strains. Our data suggest potential spillover events from human or other sources and support the inclusion of integrated monitoring of the wild suids as IAV reassortment-prone hosts in influenza surveillance programs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.