ArticleJournal of robotic surgery2026
5G‑enabled XR live broadcasting of transoral robotic surgery (TORS): a feasibility study of an indoor small‑cell architecture.
Article in Journal of robotic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundLive broadcasting of robotic surgery can expand access to specialist training and telementoring, but operating theatres can be difficult environments for stable, low-delay wireless connectivity. We evaluated a hospital-deployed fifth-generation (5G) indoor network to support extended-reality (XR) live viewing of transoral robotic surgery (TORS).
methodsIn a prospective, single-session feasibility study at a tertiary university hospital, a mid-band 5G New Radio (NR) indoor small-cell system was deployed in the operating theatre and linked to a dedicated Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) gateway. Video from a da Vinci robotic console was captured, encoded using an artificial-intelligence-assisted hardware encoder, and streamed in real time to XR head-mounted displays (Apple Vision Pro) and standard two-dimensional endpoints. Latency proxy metrics were logged throughout the broadcast, and remote viewers completed the System Usability Scale (SUS).
resultsThe broadcast ran continuously for a 40-minute operative teaching segment with no reported workflow disruption or safety concerns. Mean signed latency offset was - 22 ms (absolute mean 22 ms) across the session. Twenty remote participants from seven countries joined the broadcast; 14/20 completed the SUS questionnaire, with a mean score of 72, indicating acceptable usability.
conclusionsA dedicated indoor 5G small-cell plus FWA configuration can deliver low-delay, XR-enabled live broadcasting of robotic surgery using commercially available components. This reproducible workflow supports scalable surgical education and provides a platform for future clinical connectivity studies.
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