ArticleScientific reports2026
Expanding SARS-CoV-2 antigen targets beyond spike using a baculovirus expression system.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The ongoing antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, particularly within the spike glycoprotein, threatens the long-term efficacy of spike-focused vaccines and serodiagnostics. While most authorized COVID-19 vaccines exclusively target the spike protein, growing evidence underscores multivalent strategies incorporating conserved viral antigens. Here, we employed a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) to co-express all four structural proteins, including spike, nucleocapsid, membrane, and envelope, in Sf9 insect cells. Surface-displayed antigens were used in a cell-based ELISA to profile IgG responses in convalescent sera. All antigens elicited detectable antibody binding, with nucleocapsid and membrane proteins provoking significantly stronger responses than spike (p < 0.001), and envelope protein showing intermediate reactivity. Statistical analyses revealed distinct patterns of antigenic reactivity. These findings validate the utility of BEVS for multiplex antigen presentation and highlight the immunological and diagnostic value of conserved non-spike antigens. Combined, this study advocates multivalent vaccine strategies and refines serodiagnostics by leveraging broader antigenic targets to counter immune escape.
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Registered trials
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