ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2026
A mechanical reprogramming: synergistic tumor microenvironment normalization improves nano-immunotherapy delivery in prostate cancer via multiphysics modeling.
Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Targeting the Androgen Receptor and Associated Cofactors in Prostate Cancer: Novel Approaches and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology in Prostate Cancer: PSMA-Targeted Nanoplatforms, TME-Responsive Therapy, Immunomodulation, and Clinical Translation Challenges.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
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Abstract
There is a poor response of prostate cancer to immunotherapies because of dysfunctions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristics, like abnormal vasculature structure, stiffened stroma, increased interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), and regions of hypoxia. However, the existing computational modelings are unable to tackle this issue, as they are based on two-dimensional (2D) geometry that ignores TME properties (like TME biphasic composition) and interaction between cancer and immune cells. To address this knowledge gap, this paper offers a patient-specific multiphysics model for prostate cancer. The proposed model is based on three-dimensional (3D) geometry obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and combines three complementary approaches to normalizing the tumor microenvironment: vascular normalization via anti-angiogenic therapy, stromal normalization via extracellular matrix softening, and immune checkpoint blockade. One important new aspect of this work is that new nanoparticle delivery models have been developed for 20-100 nm nanoparticles (NP) delivering immunotherapy agents. These equations explicitly incorporate interactions between the components of the TME and directly account for mechanical stress induced by tumor growth, enabling mathematical modeling of physical TME changes and their subsequent impact on the dynamics of immune cells (such as cytotoxic T cells (CD8 + T cells), regulatory T cells (Treg), and pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1-like)/anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2-like) and cancer cells. This capability is absent in previous models. The other important novelty is that for the first time in a prostate cancer model, factors for vascular and stromal normalization and immunotherapy have been incorporated in a 3D geometry. The parameters of this model have been optimized based on literature and preclinical trial data related to immunology and tumors. The sensitivity analysis has confirmed that all therapeutic factors, optimized vascular function (functional vessel density increases from 43 to 112 cm
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