ArticleClinical oral investigations2026
Enhancement of zirconia-resin bonding by water glass surface treatment.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesThis study evaluated the effect of water glass [(Na₂O)x(SiO₂)y] surface treatment on the bonding performance of zirconia to veneering porcelain and composite resin. Particular consideration was given to the clinical repair of fractured veneering porcelain on zirconia frameworks. MATERIALS AND
methodsZirconia specimens (5 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia disk, 5Y-ZP) were divided into water-glass-treated and untreated groups, followed by sintering and alumina sandblasting (total n = 40; n = 10 per subgroup for resin testing). Surface roughness was analyzed by confocal laser microscopy, and elemental composition was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For porcelain testing, veneered specimens were subjected to shear bond strength (SBS) testing. For resin testing, specimens were bonded to composite resin with a silane-containing primer and divided into two subgroups: 24 h water storage at 37 °C and thermal cycling (5000 cycles, 5–55 °C). and then the SBS was measured.
resultsWater-glass treatment increased surface roughness and produced a silica-rich layer that persisted after sandblasting. Porcelain SBS was significantly higher in the treated group (29.5 ± 7.3 MPa) compared with the untreated group (15.2 ± 4.3 MPa, p < 0.05). For resin bonding, treated zirconia showed higher SBS under both 24 h (21.0 ± 2.3 vs. 15.6 ± 2.6 MPa) and thermal cycling (13.0 ± 2.4 vs. 7.1 ± 1.9 MPa) (p < 0.001).
conclusionsWater-glass treatment enhances resin–zirconia and porcelain–zirconia bonding by forming a durable silica-rich interface that resists sandblasting and promotes silane coupling. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Water-glass pretreatment strengthens porcelain–zirconia adhesion and provides a stable surface for resin bonding, enabling reliable intraoral repair of porcelain-veneered zirconia crowns.
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