ArticleBMJ open2026
Proportion and risk factors associated with 'never been tested for HIV' among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: evidence from the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundDespite several intensive interventions, HIV remains a major public health challenge affecting many individuals worldwide and highlighting ongoing gaps in HIV testing.
objectivesTo assess the proportion of 'never been tested for HIV' and the risk factors associated therewith among women aged 15-49 years.
methodsThe 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey data were used for this study. The variable of interest was whether women of reproductive age (WRA) reported never being tested for HIV. A total weighted sample of 15 254 WRA participated in the study. A survey logistic regression model was employed to determine factors associated with never being tested for HIV, as it accounts for the complexity of the sampling design. Analysis was performed at a 5% level of significance using R statistical software V. 4.5.2.
resultsOf the 15 254 WRA that participated, 3082 (20.2%) reported never being tested for HIV. The median (IQR) age of participants was 28 (21-37) years. The odds of never being tested for HIV decreased with increasing age (OR=0.96; 95% CI 0.95 to 0.97). Furthermore, factors such as having primary or secondary education, being pregnant or breastfeeding, marital status (married, living with a partner, widowed, divorced or separated), living in a female-headed household, using the internet, abstaining from sex, being aware of HIV test kits but never using them, media exposure, belonging to the middle wealth index category, using contraceptives and having other sexual partners besides a spouse within the past 12 months was found to be associated with never being tested for HIV among WRA in Tanzania.
conclusionThis current study identified several factors associated with never being tested for HIV among WRA. To enhance HIV testing uptake in this population, government and public health stakeholders should design targeted interventions that address these determinants, particularly by improving access to education, promoting health awareness and integrating HIV testing into routine reproductive health services.
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