ArticleNeuroImage2026
Pulse waveform and current direction alter network-level TMS-induced functional connectivity: Evidence from TMS-EEG.
Article in NeuroImage, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- State-Guided TMS-EEG for N100 Enhancement Study Based on Whole-Brain EEG Microstates.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Mu-Rhythm Phase Modulates Cortical Reactivity to Subthreshold TMS: A TMS-EEG Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Functional connectivity analyses of electroencephalographic (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can offer valuable insight into large-scale network dynamics. Still, the influence of TMS features on these measurements remains poorly understood. This study investigates the impact of key TMS parameters - pulse waveform and current direction - on the induced EEG functional connectivity of the motor system in the alpha and beta frequency bands. We analyzed data from 32 healthy participants retrieved from an open-access repository. Left primary motor cortex (M1) was stimulated at rest while varying TMS pulse waveform (monophasic, biphasic) and current direction (posterior-to-anterior - PA, anterior-to-posterior - AP). TMS-induced functional connectivity patterns were examined across experimental conditions to assess differences given by the distinct parameters used. In the alpha-band, TMS-induced left M1 connectivity was associated with a widespread network characterized by right-lateralized (i.e., contralateral to TMS site) communication to sensorimotor regions independent of stimulation features. Beta-band connectivity was more localized, with condition-dependent variations. Monophasic pulses led to stronger connectivity than biphasic pulses in the alpha band, with AP currents inducing the most significant modulation. In biphasic conditions, PA-AP stimulation produced the most substantial connectivity modulation in the alpha-band and the weakest in the beta-band, while AP-PA reversed this pattern. Our findings highlight that TMS parameters can significantly modulate M1 oscillatory dynamics. The selective activation of distinct functional networks could represent a vital source of variability in TMS applications, emphasizing the importance of carefully choosing TMS features and supporting the evidence that motor system interregional communication follows frequency-specific patterns.
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