Wafer-Scale Room-Temperature Processing of Lead-Free Perovskites for Optoelectronic Applications.

Scalable and sustainable synthesis methods for high-performance optoelectronic materials are essential to the advancement of next-generation optoelectronic and photonic technologies. Metal halide perovskites have rapidly gained prominence as versatile semiconductors across applications ranging from photovoltaics to lighting and sensing. However, their commercial deployment is hindered by the pervasive use of toxic lead-based compositions and the lack of environmentally friendly, industry-compatible fabrication processes. While lead-free alternatives based on group IVA elements such as tin have shown encouraging optoelectronic properties, their widespread adoption is limited by their chemical instability under ambient conditions. Antimony-based perovskite analogues are an emerging robust alternative, offering enhanced environmental stability, yet their synthesis has thus far depended on low-throughput single-crystal growth or solution processing routes that involve hazardous solvents and offer limited control over film structure and uniformity. Here, we demonstrate the first wafer-scale, room-temperature synthesis of high-quality lead-free Cs