ReviewClinical and experimental nephrology2026
Exfoliated kidney cells from urine for non-invasive kidney transplant monitoring: A potential opportunity?
Review in Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is usually the optimal treatment option for patients living with kidney failure given its associations with improved survival, quality of life outcomes and a reduction in the personal, economic, and societal burden of long-term dialysis. While advantages of kidney transplantation are recognized, post-transplant complications, such as graft rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, surgical-related complications, and long-term consequences of immunosuppressive therapies, are commonly observed. There has been increased research on developing non-invasive biomarkers for the monitoring of transplanted kidneys over recent decades. The potential of urinary biomarkers to identify graft rejection, post-transplant acute tubular necrosis, detect progression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition toward tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and to differentiate between causes of graft dysfunction is an attractive alternative to invasive transplant biopsy. Innovative urinary biomarkers, such as those derived from omics technologies allow for a more holistic assessment of graft status through multi-parametric molecular analysis, although there remain questions on the consistency, reliability, and practicality of utilizing omics-based urinary biomarkers. The international nephrology community has continued to make concerted efforts to improve the procedures and cost-effectiveness of kidney transplant monitoring. In this article, we review the evidence and limitations of currently available urinary biomarkers and propose the application of urine-derived exfoliated kidney cells such as urinary exfoliated proximal tubule cells to prognosticate kidney transplant outcomes and monitor for post-transplant complications. Artificial intelligence and the incorporation of machine learning analysis of proximal tubular cell characteristics may optimize the process of differentiating graft rejection from other forms of kidney dysfunction non-invasively following kidney transplantation.
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