Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41661104›Full record

ArticleInfection and immunity2026

Acquisition of toxin-encoding lysogenic bacteriophage elements enhances the virulence of pandemic

Juan Manuel Díaz, Jasmine E J Wells, Amanda C Marple, Blake A Shannon, Aanchal Rishi, Irene Martin, Allison McGeer, Matthew A Croxen, Gregory J Tyrrell, Mark J Walker and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Infection and immunity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Juan Manuel DíazDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-4652-4152
Jasmine E J WellsAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.ORCID 0009-0002-0046-6751
Amanda C MarpleDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
Blake A ShannonDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
Aanchal RishiDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
Irene MartinNational Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-3941-5583
Allison McGeerDepartment of Microbiology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-5647-6137
Matthew A CroxenDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-9564-7952
Gregory J TyrrellDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-5276-2416
Mark J WalkerAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7423-2769
Stephan BrouwerAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-9777-2992
John K McCormickDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-3742-7289

Funding

CIHR Project Grant 461623Fondation LeducqNational Health and Medical Research Council
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Multiple countries have observed an alarming increase in scarlet fever cases, and invasive infections often associated with a new sublineage of

Indexed as

Bacterial ProteinsExotoxinsLysogenyProphagesStreptococcal InfectionsStreptococcus PhagesStreptococcus pyogenesAnimalsHumansMembrane ProteinsMiceSuperantigensVirulenceBacterial ProteinsExotoxinsMembrane ProteinsSpeA protein, Streptococcus pyogenesSuperantigensbacteriophagesgroup A Streptococcusinvasive diseaseM1UKscarlet feverStreptococcus pyogenes

Identifiers

PMID41661104
PMCPMC12974143

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.