ArticlemAbs2026
RASP: rapid antibody functional screening by pentavalent phage display.
Article in mAbs, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) is the smallest antigen-binding domain of such antibodies, which are derived from camelids. In the past three decades, VHHs, which are also called single-domain antibodies, have been extensively used to target pathogens and/or toxins. Conventional screening methods, such as phage display, rely only on antibody-antigen binding as the sole criterion for selection. Despite being robust and high-throughput, such methods often require additional downstream experiments to identify VHH that neutralize their target. Here, we describe an innovative, high-throughput functional screening method, Rapid Antibody functional Screening by Pentavalent phage display (RASP), that incorporates purified antibody-displaying phages for virus neutralization assays, and thus can be used to directly identify neutralizing VHHs. As a proof-of-concept, we first displayed previously identified neutralizing VHHs specific for the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus on phages and demonstrated a dose-dependent blockade of viral infection. We further improved our method by utilizing the pentavalent display feature of hyperphages. We showed that hyperphage-derived VHH phages were superior to helper phage-derived VHH phages in assaying viral neutralization potential. Thereafter, we applied RASP to identify multiple candidates by screening a semi-synthetic VHH library against recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses pseudotyped with spike glycoproteins from SARS-CoV-2, Junin virus, and Ebola virus, featuring as case studies in antiviral antibody discovery. Further, we benchmarked RASP against established phage ELISA and next-generation sequencing methods. Overall, we successfully used RASP in the context of the discovery of antiviral VHHs, highlighting its broader applicability as a platform that can be used either in isolation or in conjunction with other functional screening methods to accelerate the discovery of antiviral VHHs.
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