Ionogel-based flexible electronics.

With the advent of the Internet of Things generation, functional electronics have rapidly emerged as a focus in materials science and electronic engineering. Ionogels have gained significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties-such as non-volatility, excellent thermal and electrochemical stability, mechanical properties and ionic conductivity-making them crucial materials in flexible electronics. This work focuses on reviewing research progress in the design of ionogels with diverse functionalities and their applications in flexible electronics (primarily over the past five years), compared with previously published reviews. In this review, we comprehensively introduce the fundamental composition and structure of ionogels based on their structure-property-application relationships. Further discussion highlights innovative applications of ionogels in sensors, energy-harvesting devices, storage devices and smart devices, emphasizing their broad potential in flexible electronics. Finally, we propose future directions for ionogels, including multifunctional integration, long-term stability and self-healing capabilities, intended to provide guidance and insights for researchers in flexible electronics.