Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41659850›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026

Delineating phenotypic heterogeneity in human regulatory T cells across developmental stages and therapeutic sources.

Samikshya Santosh Nirmala, Yueyuan Hu, Friederike Dorothea Floegel, Hugo Cruz, Johanna Morgenstern, Alexander Platz, Marcel Vollroth, Anke Fuchs

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Samikshya Santosh NirmalaCenter for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Yueyuan HuCenter for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Friederike Dorothea FloegelCenter for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Hugo CruzCenter for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Johanna MorgensternCenter for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Alexander PlatzDKMS Stem Cell Bank, Dresden, Germany.
Marcel VollrothPediatric Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Anke FuchsCenter for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: FOXP3 Methods: We conducted extensive flow cytometric analysis of 31 extra- and intracellular markers expressed by human Tregs, followed by an in-depth comparison of Tregs and Teffs, as well as between Tregs derived from all three sources. Results: Our results showed that, while most markers were shared with Teffs, the transcription factor Helios, the co-inhibitory receptors CTLA-4 and TIGIT, and the glycoprotein receptor GPA33 were expressed by a higher proportion of Tregs than Teffs across sources. Contrary, a consistently higher proportion of Teffs than Tregs expressed the co-stimulatory receptors CD26 and CD226. Thymocytes displayed marked heterogeneity, containing Tregs at distinct developmental stages and recirculating peripheral Tregs. The proportion of CD25 Conclusion: Overall, this study provides highly detailed insights into the heterogeneity of Tregs across distinct developmental stages and therapeutic sources, while also contributing towards improved isolation strategies for therapeutic approaches.

Indexed as

T-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryAdultBiomarkersChildFetal BloodFlow CytometryForkhead Transcription FactorsHumansImmunophenotypingPhenotypeThymus GlandBiomarkersForkhead Transcription FactorsFOXP3 protein, humanadult peripheral bloodeffector T cellsimmunophenotypingpediatric thymusregulatory T cellsTreg developmentTreg markersumbilical cord blood

Identifiers

PMID41659850
PMCPMC12872549

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.