Levofloxacin-loaded surfactant nanocarriers: a computational study.

We performed extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction dynamics and orientation of levofloxacin, a newer fluoroquinolone antibiotic, with anionic (SDS) and cationic (CTAB) micelles. The maximum drug/micelle ratio (loading capacity and entrapment efficiency) was estimated for anionic and cationic micelles. High encapsulation efficiencies were observed for SDS (average: ∼80%). In contrast, for CTAB micelles, the efficiency was ∼8%, indicating that the binding of levofloxacin molecules to SDS micelles is significantly higher than that to CTAB micelles. Tilted orientations were observed for levofloxacin in SDS micelles (∼48-51°) and in CTAB micelles (∼40-42°), where the positively charged piperazine group is anchored to anionic headgroups. In contrast, the negatively charged carboxylic group is close to cationic headgroups. Calculating the relative binding energies, we found that levofloxacin binds more strongly to SDS than CTAB. Due to π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding, the formation of concerted columnar stacks of levofloxacin was also recorded for both anionic and cationic micelles.