ReviewReviews in cardiovascular medicine2026
4D-Flow Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An 8-Year Clinical Practice Review.
Review in Reviews in cardiovascular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Multidimensional cardiac functional phenotyping beyond ejection fraction: a multimodality imaging framework for cardiovascular care.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) flow cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is an advanced imaging modality that enables comprehensive qualitative and quantitative assessment of blood flow in the three spatial dimensions plus time. This technique is more accurate, reproducible, and easier to interpret visually than conventional two-dimensional phase-contrast techniques. In this narrative review, we synthesize our clinical experience-including practical insights from representative cases from routine practice-with published research to describe the technical foundations, clinical applications, advantages, and limitations of this technique. We discuss the technical aspects, including spatial and temporal resolution, velocity encoding, contrast administration, workflow requirements, and post-processing software, and their influence on diagnostic performance. Thus, 4D-flow CMR imaging can accurately assess cardiac shunts through advanced visualization of pathlines and streamlines, providing direct quantification of pulmonary flow: systemic flow ratios, blood flow volumes, and complex hemodynamic patterns in congenital heart disease (CHD). Moreover, 4D-flow CMR imaging provides robust characterization of valvular and aortic disease through dynamic flow analysis and quantitative hemodynamic metrics. Overall, 4D flow CMR imaging is a powerful, noninvasive diagnostic tool that can greatly enhance clinical decision-making. The growing body of evidence supports the use of 4D-flow CMR imaging in routine clinical practice, particularly for evaluating CHD and valvular and aortic disorders.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.