ArticleJournal of Taibah University Medical Sciences2026
Exploratory analysis of immune profiles in 2- to 3-year-old children with growth stunting.
Article in Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Growth stunting, which is associated with metabolic and immunological changes, remains a concerning global challenge. However, the etiology and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. Objectives: This study was aimed at exploring humoral, cytokine, and T-cell immune profiles in children 2-3 years of age, with or without stunting. Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted among children with or without stunting. Antibody isotypes (IgM, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgE) were measured with a ProcartaPlex Human Antibody Isotyping Panel 7-Plex kit. Proportions of T lymphocytes and Tregs were determined through flow cytometry. Cytokine levels (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) were measured with a human cytokine kit, read with an x-MAP (Luminex200) instrument. Group differences were analyzed with t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests. False discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied. Multivariable logistic regression provided adjusted odds ratios (AORs). ROC-derived cut-off points were used for exploratory quadrant analysis of significant biomarkers. Results: Unadjusted analyses indicated higher IgM, IgG2, IgG3, IL-6, and IL-6/IL-10 ratios in children with rather than without stunting (p ≤ 0.05). After FDR correction, no biomarkers achieved conventional significance. However, several markers, including IL-6 and IgG3, approached the exploratory threshold (FDR < 0.20) commonly accepted in hypothesis-generating immunological analyses. In multivariable models, IL-6 remained associated with stunting (AOR 1.731; 95% CI 1.044-2.870), and IgG3 showed the largest effect estimate (AOR 4.055; 95% CI 0.813-20.226), despite non-significance. Quadrant analysis demonstrated substantially elevated odds of stunting in children with concurrent high IL-6 and high IgG3 (OR 9.56-18.7). Conclusion: Exploratory analyses indicate biologically plausible inflammatory-humoral activation signatures in children with stunting, warranting confirmation in larger longitudinal studies.
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