ArticleBMJ public health2026
COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and all-cause mortality in the adult population in Norway during 2021-2023: a population-based cohort study.
Article in BMJ public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Age-specific patterns of all-cause mortality across COVID-19 booster dose groups in two Japanese municipalities: an exploratory analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Observational
- Mortality involving and not involving COVID-19 among vaccinated vs. unvaccinated in England between Apr 21 and May 23.F1000Research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Most countries worldwide have experienced excess mortality that coincides temporally with the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaigns. This has led to speculation on the potential long-term effects of the vaccines on mortality risk. Methods: The study was designed as a retrospective cohort study and included all individuals aged ≥18 years living in Norway during 1 January 2021 through 31 December 2023. Individuals were categorised as either unvaccinated (received no doses), partially vaccinated (received one or two doses) or fully vaccinated (received three or more doses) from the date of vaccination and onwards. Age-stratified Poisson models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of death (all causes) between vaccination groups, adjusting for sex, calendar time, county of residence and risk group status (nursing home resident or pre-existing condition with increased risk of severe COVID-19). Results: The study included 4 645 910 individuals (49.8% women) with 132 963 deaths during follow-up. There was a higher proportion of individuals that were part of a risk group among fully vaccinated individuals compared with unvaccinated individuals in all age groups and a lower unadjusted rate of death: 51.5 versus 73.6 per 100 000 person years (py) among individuals aged 18-44 years, 295.1 versus 405.3 per 100 000 py among 45-64 years and 3620.2 versus 4783.8 per 100 000 py among 65 years or older. The adjusted IRR of death for the same age groups was 0.42 (95% CI 0.38 to 0.47), 0.39 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.41) and 0.42 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.43), respectively. The differences in the rate of death between vaccination groups were larger among men and peaked during 2022. Conclusion: Vaccinated individuals had a lower all-cause mortality rate than unvaccinated individuals during 2021-2023. This difference was larger among men and most prominent following the removal of COVID-19 control measures in 2022 but persisted throughout the study period.
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