ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2026
Waning immunity and the future of booster vaccination strategies in global vaccine programs post COVID-19.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Severity of COVID-19 Omicron Variants: A Global Systematic Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Immunopharmacological and structural design of a polyprotein based multi epitope vaccine against Powassan virus.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Identification and computational analysis of B-cell epitopes on the hemagglutinin protein of the H3N2 influenza virus.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Immunoinformatics-guided design of a conserved multi-epitope vaccine candidate against pathogenic human coronaviruses.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Molecular characterization and immunoinformatics-based design of a multi-epitope vaccine against Staphylococcus nepalensis.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Article
- An integrated subtractive genomics and immunoinformatics approach for designing a universal multi-epitope vaccine againstFrontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The problem of waning immunity is a major global concern of vaccine programs, with immunity against diseases such as COVID-19 (reduction in efficacy by ~25% in six months), pertussis (waning in 4-12 y), and influenza (annual updates needed) expected to decrease with time. While boosters reduce serious results in high-risk categories, these effects are short-term (4-6 months) and encourage global imbalances, where low-income areas lag in primary vaccination (<2%). Computational models have shown that primary vaccination in underserved regions prevents ~60% of hospitalizations worldwide, surpassing booster-focused measures (~47%). To maintain protection, variant-responsive boosters, rapid booster-design pipelines, universal vaccine platforms (including pan-coronavirus vaccines), and equity-based solutions (decentralized production) need to be integrated. Aligning with frameworks like the Immunization Agenda 2030 of the World Health Organization, plans should balance the expansion of high-risk groups while broadening primary access, providing infrastructure investment, and real-time surveillance to address evolving pathogens and systemic disparities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.