ArticleZhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences2025
[Finite element analysis of skeletal injury mechanisms in adult standing positions with both feet landed on the ground].
Article in Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesThe prevalence and complexity of high-fall injuries pose major challenges to injury-mechanism interpretation, which currently relies largely on forensic autopsy. The finite element method (FEM) can elucidate biomechanical mechanisms of skeletal injury and quantify the relationship between fracture risk and fall height, providing evidence for forensic injury analysis and scene reconstruction.
methodsUsing adult upright feet-first landing as a representative scenario, a finite element approach based on the total human model for safety (THUMS) was applied to simulate bilateral feet-first impacts onto a rigid surface from heights of 1 to 50 m. Skeletal biomechanical responses were systematically evaluated using von Mises stress analysis, Logistic regression modeling, and hierarchical clustering.
resultsStress concentration followed a longitudinal axial distribution along the body's vertical axis, with a dual-path load-transmission mechanism identified. Step-change biomechanical responses were observed at the foot, tibial ends, femoral neck, and spine, indicating abrupt increases in fracture risk at critical heights. Logistic regression successfully generated fracture-risk prediction models for fibular ends, pelvis, and skull. The fastest height-dependent fracture-risk escalation occurred at the fibular ends, followed by the skull, whereas the pelvis showed the slowest but still significant risk increase. Hierarchical clustering combined with biomechanical-mechanism interpretation stratified fall heights into 5 clusters and 3 injury phases: Local energy-dissipation phase (<7 meters), axial conduction stage (7 to 16 meters), and systemic composite injury phase (>16 meters).
conclusionsFEM reveals the dual-path load-transmission mechanism of skeletal injury in upright feet-first landing. The established fracture-risk-height prediction models and injury-pattern-to-height mapping models provide biomechanical evidence for forensic inference of fall height.
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