Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41654945›Full record

ArticleBiology of sex differences2026

Sex differences in disease severity and immune responses in murine and human inflammatory arthritis.

Mahadevappa Hemshekhar, Liam J O'Neil, Nyambura Kahia, Courtney L Marshall, Tamarah Singh, Mario Navarrete, Hani El-Gabalawy, Neeloffer Mookherjee, Janilyn Arsenio

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Article in Biology of sex differences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

  • AssociatedPublication
5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Mahadevappa Hemshekhar *Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Liam J O'Neil *Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Nyambura KahiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Courtney L MarshallDepartment of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Tamarah SinghDepartment of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Mario NavarreteDepartment of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Hani El-GabalawyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Neeloffer Mookherjee *Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Janilyn Arsenio *Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. janilyn.arsenio@umanitoba.ca.ORCID 0000-0003-0220-0076

Funding

CIHR Project Grant #PJX-185772
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRheumatoid Arthritis (RA), a systemic autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology, disproportionately affects females at a 3:1 ratio compared to males. While biological sex differences in the immune system exist, sex-related differences in inflammatory and immune mediators of RA disease severity are undefined. Our objective was to characterize sex-related differences in immune responses in a murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model and in human RA patients.

methodsIn CIA compared to saline control mice, inflammatory disease severity was assessed using standardized clinical scores. Anti-collagen antibodies, neutrophil elastase, calprotectin/ S100A8/A9 heterodimer, CRAMP, MMP3, and MMP9 were quantified by ELISA in the sera and joint tissues. Cytokine/chemokine levels in sera and joints were assessed using a Luminex based-44-Plex Discovery Assay

resultsWe identified distinct sex-related differences in disease severity and pro-inflammatory profiles in the sera and joint tissues of CIA mice, with inflammatory responses that were male-skewed in the sera and female-skewed in the joints. Furthermore, we demonstrated heightened neutrophil activation markers and CD4

conclusionsOur study demonstrates novel sex differences in pro-inflammatory mediators and activities of neutrophils and CD4

Indexed as

Arthritis, ExperimentalArthritis, RheumatoidSex CharacteristicsAnimalsCytokinesFemaleHumansJointsMaleMiceMice, Inbred DBASeverity of Illness IndexCytokinesCollagen-induced arthritisImmune responsesRheumatoid arthritisSex differences

Identifiers

PMID41654945
PMCPMC12977487

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.