ArticleHarm reduction journal2026
Assessing attitudes towards elements of the overdose response hotlines/applications (ORHAs).
Article in Harm reduction journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionIn response to the overdose epidemic, novel strategies including Overdose Response Hotlines and Applications (ORHAs) have been introduced to help mitigate the crisis. These technologies enable individuals with a phone to access harm reduction support via smartphones and applications. Such supports include overdose monitoring, access to social services, mental health referrals, and more. This study analyzed data from the Canadian National Questionnaire on Overdose Monitoring (CNQOM), a large bilingual national survey, to evaluate the perspectives of people who use unregulated substances currently (PWUS-C), people who used unregulated substances previously (PWUS-P), and addiction service provider (ASP) on the importance of specific ORHA features.
methodsOne component of the CNQOM pertained to the importance of specific ORHA service elements. Examined categories included accessibility and technological features, overdose response functionality, data privacy and philosophies of care, additional support services, and substance usage. Each group responded to 33 questions on a 5-point Likert scale, and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics involving percentages and ordinal logistical regression analysis.
resultsThe study involved 971 participants: 840 PWUS-C, 298 PWUS-P, and 169 ASP. The majority of respondents from the key groups considered all ORHA elements important. Generally, the groups ranked the elements in a similar order of importance, with only minor variations. The highest-ranked elements in each element category with regards to importance were: 24/7 availability (84% of PWUS-C, 88% of PWUS-P, and 90% of ASP), the ability of EMS to resuscitate individuals during an overdose (81% of PWUS-C, 83% of PWUS-P, 85% ASP), non-judgmental support (87% of PWUS-C, 87% of PWUS-P, and 91% of ASP), access to mental health support (82% of PWUS-C, 84% of PWUS-P, and 90% of ASP), and feeling safer when using substances (80% of PWUS-C, 81% of PWUS-P, and 88% of ASP).
conclusionThis paper highlights the importance multiple groups place on various elements of ORHAs, reflecting critical elements that should be considered when standardizing these virtual harm reduction technologies. The results of this study provide insight into opportunities to enhance virtual platforms, making them more responsive, accessible, and trusted as harm reduction resources.
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