ArticleInternational journal of retina and vitreous2026
Drusen-specific dark adaptation profiles in intermediate age-related macular degeneration.
Article in International journal of retina and vitreous, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Shallow and bullous retinal pigment epithelium elevations in age-related macular degeneration.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Spatial distribution of cuticular drusen and its association with category-specific progression risk in intermediate AMD.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
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17 authors.
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Abstract
aimsTo investigate the influence of macular drusen phenotypes on dark adaptation (DA) in intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD).
methodsThis cross-sectional, multicentric study enrolled 57 eyes of 43 iAMD patients. Drusen were subclassified as cuticular, soft, reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), or combined soft + RPD based on multimodal imaging. Dark adaptometry (AdaptDx; 20-minute test-time) assessed DA function through rod intercept time (RIT), last measured log sensitivity (LMLS; primary outcome) and area under the DA curve (AUDAC; secondary outcome). OCT volumes (30°x20° field) were analyzed using an AI-enhanced algorithm providing a quantification of chorioretinal layers and pigment epithelium detachments (PED) volumes. Multivariable tobit and linear regression analyzed associations between drusen phenotypes and DA outcomes.
resultsDrusen phenotype distribution was: cuticular 13 eyes (22.8%), soft 13 eyes (22.8%), isolated RPD 21 eyes (36.8%), and combined soft + RPD 10 eyes (17.5%). Nearly all eyes reaching RIT within the 20-minute test ceiling (10 of 11 eyes) had cuticular drusen, which showed preserved rod function (LMLS: 2.9 ± 0.2 log-units; AUDAC: 10.3 ± 3.2 log-units·min; RIT: 14.9 ± 4.5 min) despite presenting the highest PED volumes (301 ± 152 nL). Conversely, isolated RPD demonstrated most severe dysfunction (LMLS: 1.7 ± 0.3; AUDAC: 23.7 ± 5.39). Soft drusen showed intermediate impairment (LMLS: 2.2 ± 0.2; AUDAC: 18.4 ± 2.4). Drusen phenotype was the most significant predictor of DA outcomes in both regression models (p < 0.001).
conclusionDark adaptometry reveals distinct patterns of DA impairment across drusen phenotypes, necessitating precise drusen classification when dark adaptometry serves as a functional endpoint in iAMD clinical trials. Future studies should employ extended test protocols (40-minute ceiling) to confirm these findings. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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