Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41654702›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Exploring the Role of Race/Ethnicity, Metropolitan Status, and Health Insurance in Long COVID Among U.S. Adults.

Camilo Vargas, Rebeka Moges, Grace Caltabellotta, Lulu David, Nicola Manalili, Marilyn Tseng, Emily C Marlow, Adrienne B Lent

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Camilo VargasDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.
Rebeka MogesDepartment of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93405, USA.
Grace CaltabellottaDepartment of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93405, USA.
Lulu DavidDepartment of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93405, USA.
Nicola ManaliliDepartment of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93405, USA.
Marilyn TsengDepartment of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93405, USA.
Emily C MarlowStatistics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.
Adrienne B LentDepartment of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93405, USA. ablent@calpoly.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-4664

Funding

NIGMS NIH HHS 5T34GM149492
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesLimited evidence suggests possible disparities in COVID-19 across race/ethnicity, metropolitan status, and healthcare access. This study investigated racial/ethnic, metropolitan, and healthcare access disparities in Long COVID among U.S. adults.

methods2022-2023 cross-sectional Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were analyzed. U.S. adults who had COVID-19 were included, resulting in a final weighted sample size of n = 80,093,998. Logistic regressions examined associations between race/ethnicity, metropolitan status, health insurance and ever or currently experiencing Long COVID and reductions in daily function. Interactions were examined for metropolitan status and health insurance.

resultsVersus non-Hispanic White (NHW) respondents, a higher odds of Long COVID were observed for Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Native (ever adj. OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.53; currently adj. OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.39, 2.12) and Other Race/Multiracial (ever adj. OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.62; currently adj. OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.58) respondents. Black (ever adj. OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.93), Asian (ever adj. OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.70), and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (currently adj. OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.95) respondents had a lower odds. Non-metropolitan residents had a higher odds (ever adj. OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.25; currently adj. OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.24) versus metropolitan residents. Uninsured respondents had a higher odds versus insured respondents (currently adj. OR = 1.24, 95%: 1.08, 1.44). Interactions were statistically significant for metropolitan status (ever p-value = 0.026) and health insurance (ever p-value = 0.006; currently p-value = 0.008).

conclusionsLong COVID is experienced unequally across race/ethnicity and metropolitan/non-metropolitan residence. Further research is needed to understand this heterogeneity and the effects of Long COVID.

Indexed as

DisparityLong COVIDMetropolitanNon-metropolitanRace/ethnicity

Identifiers

PMID41654702

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.