ArticleCommunications medicine2026
Changes in temperature perception in transgender persons undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy.
Article in Communications medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04838249 (Investigation of the Effects of Testosterone and Estrogen on Eating Behavior, Metabolism, Energy Balance and Cardiovascular System in Transsexual Patients Undergoing Cross-sex Hormone Therapy), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Investigation of the Effects of Testosterone and Estrogen on Eating Behavior, Metabolism, Energy Balance and Cardiovascular System in Transsexual Patients Undergoing Cross-sex Hormone Therapy
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere are known sex disparities in temperature perception with lower thermal detection thresholds found in people assigned female at birth compared to people assigned male at birth. However, underlying mechanisms of these differences and the influences of sex hormones are not yet sufficiently understood.
methodsTo assess the effects of sex hormones on temperature perception, we measured in a prospective observational cohort study temperature detection and pain thresholds with quantitative sensory testing and subjective temperature sensation in transgender patients undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). We included 12 trans women (male-to-female transgender) and 17 trans men (female-to-male transgender) before and 3 and 6 months after start of GAHT. As a control group, we measured 13 cis women and 10 cis men without hormone treatment at the same timepoints.
resultsHere we show that temperature detection thresholds in persons assigned female at birth at baseline are lower than in persons assigned male at birth. Accordingly, in trans women, temperature detection thresholds decrease with GAHT. Pain detection thresholds do not differ between sexes assigned at birth and do not change with time.
conclusionsWe demonstrate that in trans women undergoing GAHT with estradiol and cyproterone acetate sensitivity to temperature changes increases, consistent with the greater temperature sensitivity observed in cis women compared to cis men. Future studies need to assess at which neurobiological processing stages the relevant changes occur and what molecular mechanisms play a role.
trial registrationNCT04838249.
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Registered trials
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